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Audio Watermarking through Deterministic plus Stochastic Signal Decomposition

EURASIP Journal on Information Security volume 2007, Article number: 075961 (2007) Cite this article

Abstract

This paper describes an audio watermarking scheme based on sinusoidal signal modeling. To embed a watermark in an original signal (referred to as a cover signal hereafter), the following steps are taken. (a) A short-time Fourier transform is applied to the cover signal. (b) Prominent spectral peaks are identified and removed. (c) Their frequencies are subjected to quantization index modulation. (d) Quantized spectral peaks are added back to the spectrum. (e) Inverse Fourier transform and overlap-adding produce a watermarked signal. To decode the watermark, frequencies of prominent spectral peaks are estimated by quadratic interpolation on the magnitude spectrum. Afterwards, a maximum-likelihood procedure determines the binary value embedded in each frame. Results of testing against lossy compression, low- and highpass filtering, reverberation, and stereo-to-mono reduction are reported. A Hamming code is adopted to reduce the bit error rate (BER), and ways to improve sound quality are suggested as future research directions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA

    Yi-Wen Liu & Julius O. Smith

  2. Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA

    Yi-Wen Liu

Authors
  1. Yi-Wen Liu
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  2. Julius O. Smith
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Correspondence to Yi-Wen Liu.

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Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Liu, YW., Smith, J.O. Audio Watermarking through Deterministic plus Stochastic Signal Decomposition. EURASIP J. on Info. Security 2007, 075961 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/75961

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/75961

Keywords

  • Index Modulation
  • Inverse Fourier Transform
  • Cover Signal
  • Watermark Scheme
  • Sinusoidal Signal