Fig. 4From: Secure machine learning against adversarial samples at test timeParallelization framework. We decouple the fake image generation step from the retraining step by only updating the model used for the fake image generation as a new model is obtained. This way, the fake image generation step can continuously generate adversarial images while the retraining continues. Furthermore, the fake image generation step is parallelized by using multi-processing. Note that the processors can be GPUs or CPUs. GPUs are better in term of computation efficiency, and CPUs can store more imagesBack to article page